Melihat wahabi sebagai suatu ancaman dan pembawa masalah ada juga benarnya. Semasa saya menjadi penuntut di universiti, wahabi bukanlah satu gerakan yang majoriti diterima. Saya hendak kutip definasi wahabi untuk kawan-kawan dan pembaca-pembaca yang masih belum mengenali siapakah wahabi?.
Mungkin kekurangan bahan rujukan dan mengambil jalan ekspres bagi menyebut tentang wahabi secara ringkas di sini; saya kutip daripada wikipedia encyclopedia-
Wahhabism (Arabic: الوهابية, Wahabism, Wahabbism, Whahhabism) is a term used to describe a branch of Islam based on the teachings of Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab (1703–1792).
The term "Wahhabi" (Wahhābīya) is rarely used by members of this group. The term they use to describe themselves is "muwahhidun", translating as "unitarians." Another common term used is "Salafi," translating as "followers of the pious forefathers," though this term has a wider applicability, and is used by many modern Muslim groups who do not specifically follow the teachings of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab. The term Wahhabi was originally bestowed by their opponents.
The Wahhabis claim to hold to the way of the Salaf as-Salih, the "pious predecessors" as earlier preached by Ibn Taymiyya and his student Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, and later by Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahab and his followers. Secara mudahnya ia sekelompok yang mendakwa berpegang kepada ajaran salaf yang asal. Cuba mengembalikan peranan Al-Quran dan As-Sunnah kepada dada umat yang pernah kehilangan dan tersasar landasan. Gerakan ini menjadi satu sejarah apabila mempunyai banyak sumbangannya. hala ini sisebut oleh Dr. Yusf Al-Qardahawi tentang ini dalam bukunya Fiqh Awaliyyat. Apapun tidak semestinya kelompok sebegini akan terus berada dalam baik seperti masa awalnya. Kewujudannya bila Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab berperana cuba mengajak manusia pada ketika itu kembali menghayati al-Quran dan As-Sunah di kala umat ketika itu sedang memberatkan perkara-perkara khurafat dan dipercayai membawa kepada syirik kepada Allah Taala.
Apapun terdapat kelemahan kepada kelompok yang sangat ketara apabila dikaitkan dengan politik dan sebagainya. Wahabi menjadi satu platfom bagi ramai yang mendekati agama tetapi telah memahami agama dengan cara yang berbeza. Ia menjadikan mereka ekstremis. Tambahan apabila gerakan ini diterima di Saudi Arabia. ia menjadi tempat atau pusat untuk perkembangan gerakan ini. Di sinilah ruang berkoreksi di mana kesilapan wahabi sepanjang sejarah.
Antaranya menggunakan bidaah untuk mengkritik kesilapan kepada individu atau kumpulan atau kelopok tertentu. Ia menjadikan isu ini panas dan bertentang dengan arus semasa.
Wahabi juga dilihat keerlaluan apabila mempunyai banyak pandangan yang bertentangan dengan tarekat dan ahli sufi. Gerakan sufi yang mencabang banyak aliran tarekat menjadi kubu serangan wahabi kerana selepas era pembenterasan tahyul dan syirik yang semakin berkurangan. Hal ini merujuk kembaliu kepada tokoh yang di sanjungi oleh wahabi dan selain wahabi iaitu Ibn Taimiyah. Ibn Taimiyah terkenal dengan cara dan pendekatannya mengkritik kaum sufi dan ajaran tarekat pada zamannya. Ibn Taimiyah bukan sekadar tokoh yang disebut zaman cuba menegakkan panji Al-Quran dan As-Sunah dengan pena dan perdebatan.
Asalnya apa yang diperjuangankan oleh Wahabi adalah sama dengan pa yang diperjungan oleh Ibn Timiyah.
Wahhabism accepts the Qur'an and hadith as fundamental texts, interpreted upon the understanding of the first three generations of Islam. It also accepts various commentaries including Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's book called Kitab al-Tawhid ("Book of Monotheism"), and the works of the earlier scholar Ibn Taymiyya (1263–1328).
Wahhabis differ from the orthodox traditionalist Sunnis in that they do not follow any specific madhhab (method or school of jurisprudence), but claim to interpret the words of the prophet Muhammad directly, using the four maddhabs for reference. Wahhabi theology advocates a puritanical and legalistic stance in matters of faith and religious practice, while also rejecting sufism.
Wahhabis see their role as a movement to restore Islam due to innovations, deviations, heresies and idolatries. There are many practices that they believe are contrary to Islam, such as:
Praying at tombs (praying at Mohammed's tomb, the prophet of Islam, is also considered shirk (polytheism)
Invoking any prophet, Sufi saint, or angel in prayer, other than God alone (Wahhabis believe these practices are polytheistic in nature)
Following or strictly adhering (taqlid) to one of the four madhabs of Islamic jurisprudence, "except for one who is under necessity and can not reach the Sunnah.[1]
Celebrating annual feasts for the Mohammed or Sufi saints (see mawlid and urs)
Wearing charms, and believing in their healing power
Innovation in matters of religion (e.g. new methods of worship) - Bid‘ah Sekali lagi wahabi mempertahankan ijtihad pada setiap zaman dan keadaan dan membantah taklid buta.
Namun apa yang terjadi dengan wahabi. Wahabi merupakan benih yang melahirkan banyak kontroversi dan dilihat isu dalam agama. Sekarang antara penulis tempatan yang rajin berbicara tentang sisi-sisi negatif wahabi adalah Faisal Tehrani. Apapun kritikan dan fakta-fakta yang ditonjolkan bergantung kepada penerimaan pembaca. Sememangnya wahabi sebuah gerakan yang dianggap ekstrimis setelah pelbagai isu yang melanda umat ISlam hari ini. Seperti mana apa yang berlaku di zaman khalifah-khalifah Rasulullah s.a.w dan para pengikut selepas itu, perpecahan berlaku dan banyak kesan buruk timbul berbanding kesan baik.
Perpecahan selalu menghasilkan buah yang busuk dalam sejarah. Semacam perpecahan dan perbezaan ideologi dalam Syiah dan Sunni, Wahabi dan Tarekat Sufi dan lain-lain lagi. Banyak lagi fahaman Islam lain yang dilihat berjaya dan tersungkur dengan cara mereka. Tetapi apakah penyelesaiannya sekiranya ia berada dalam takut lama.
Itulah yang berlaku di Palestin. Wilayah uang diduduki dan diperkosai serakusnya. Jangan kita menuding kesilapan itu pada Israel malah kita juga ada silapnya.
Bibliografi Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab...(dipetik daripada Wikipedia)
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab al-Tamimi An-Najdi (1703AD – 1792AD) (Arabic:محمد بن عبد الوهاب التميمى) was an Arab theologian born in the Najd, in present-day Saudi Arabia and the most famous scholar of the Wahhabi movement.
Al-Wahhab considered his movement an effort to purify Islam by returning Muslims to what he believed were the original principles of Islam, as typified by the as-salaf as-saliheen (the earliest converts to Islam) and rejecting what he regarded as corruptions introduced by Bida (innovation, reformation) and Shirk (idolatry).
During his life he denounced practices of various sects of Sufism as being hereticial, such as their veneration of saints. Although all Muslims pray to one God, al-Wahhab was keen on emphasising that no intercession with God was possible, an idea supported by the majority of Muslims. Specific practices, such as celebrating the birth of the Prophet Muhammad, were also deemed as innovations. He is hence considered by his followers to be a great reformer of Islam, by his opponents as an innovator and heretic. In either case, al-Wahhab's impact on Islam has been considerable and significant.
Al-Wahhab also revived interest in the works of the Islamic scholar Ibn Taymiya.
The followers of this revival (see Islamism) are often called Wahhabis, but they reject the usage of this term on the grounds that al-Wahhab's teachings were the teachings of the Prophet Muhammed, not his own. Thus, they refer to themselves as Salafists or Muwahhidun, meaning, "the monotheists."
Al-Wahhab struck a deal with Muhammed Ibn Saud, a chief of desert bandits in Najd. As per the deal Ibn Saud and his house would be the chief of political administration whereas Ibn Abd Al-Wahhab and his house would be the chief of Islamic interpretation. Today the royal family of Saudi Arabia belongs to the House of Saud and Grand Mufties from the House of Ibn Abd Al-Wahhab (Aa;-Sheikh). His opponents accuse Ibn Abd Al-Wahhab declaring the rulers of Hijaz (holy Land of Arabia with holy cities like Mecca and Medina) to be non-Muslims and therefore worthy of attack and occupation. (Refer to David Holden's biography The House of Saud for citation (mentioned in the reference section).
[edit] Biography
[edit] Childhood
The early life of Muhammed Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab remains fairly mysterious despite extensive studies existent on the subject. Historians at the time were not interested and few contemporary journals covered such scholars. Thus, there are only two official histories of al-Wahhab and his religious movement, Ibn Ghannam's Tarikh Najd and Ibn Bishr's Unwan al-Majd fi Tarikh Najd.
Three points should be taken into account regarding these sources for the early life of al-Wahhab. First, they rarely mention specific dates of events. Secondly, both authors were Wahhabis themselves and therefore had a political and religious agenda to consider. Finally, each was written after the death of al-Wahhab.
[edit] Reforms
In the year 1744, al-Wahhab began to attract followers in the small town Al-Uyayna, within the Najd region (the central region of modern Saudi Arabia). Lacking a base of support at the time, his teachings were challenged by Sulayman Ibn Muhammed al-Hamidi of the Banu Khalid, the chief of Al-Hasa and Qatif. The latter threatened the ruler of the city that he would not pay him a land tax for his properties if he did not kill al-Wahhab. The ruler declined to do this, but al-Wahhab was forced to leave.
Al-Wahhab gained attention by the following actions: firstly, after he returned to al-Uyayna, he persuaded the ruler of the town to destroy a sacred tomb revered by local Muslims, citing the Prophet Muhammed's teaching that forbade idol-worship. Secondly, he ordered that an adulteress be stoned to death, a practice that had become uncommon in the area. Additionally, he practiced the Islamic concept of rihla fi talab al-'ilm, "traveling the land in order to seek knowledge." The full extent of such travels remains uncertain.
Al-Wahhab spent some time in Basra (within modern day Iraq), and it is assumed that as a devout Muslim he traveled to the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina before traveling to Basra. Official sources on al-Wahhab's life put his visits to these cities in different chronological order.
Almost all sources agree that his reformist ideas were formulated while living in Basra, where he became somewhat famous for his debates with the Islamic scholars there, and wrote the Kitab Al Tawhid ("The Book of Monotheism"). Dates are missing in a great many cases, so it would be impossible to reconstruct a chronology of his life up until 1743, when the Meccan Epistle was written.
[edit] Criticisms
The Egyptian Islamic scholar Abd al-Wahhab ibn Ahamd Barakat al-Shafe'i al-Azhari al-Tantawi wrote an early criticism of al-Wahhab's reforms in the book, Kitab Rad` al-Dalala wa Qam` al-Jahala ("The Book of the Prevention of Error and the Suppression of Ignorance.") Oddly, Tantawi did not specifically name al-Wahhab in the text, but referred to him as 'Sheikh al-Nas' (The populist scholar). This may be seen as either an effort to not humiliate al-Wahhab or to simply not draw unwanted attention to the Wahhabi movement. Tantawi wrote that he received word of al-Wahhab's teachings through word-of-mouth and letters from local "authorities." The content of Tantawi's arguments also suggest this, as they do not appear to be based on any writings of al-Wahhab's, instead disputing his general ideas, quoting a considerable number of Qur'anic verses.
Another critic of al-Wahhab at the time was a major Sufi theologian, Ali al-Shafe'i al-Basri al-Shahir bel-Qabbani. A historian at the time, Ibn Turki, considered Qabbani to be among the four most prolific refuters of Wahhabism, particularly because - unlike Tantawi - he had actually read al-Wahhab's writings. Qabbani wrote two texts criticizing al-Wahhab, the Fasl al-Khitab fi Rad Dalalat Ibn Abd al-Wahhab ("the unmistakable judgement in the refutation of the delusions of Ibn Abd Al-Wahhab,") and the Kashf al-Hijab an Wajh Dalalat Ibn al-Wahhab ("lifting the veil from the face of the delusions of Ibn al-Wahhab,"). Qabbani later wrote a formal, anti-Wahhabis tract, citing both sources.
Many Salafis had adverse reactions to the writings of b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab and the behavior of his ‘adherents’. One such interaction was between the Wahhabis and the Sunni establishment in ‘Iraq, and its Salafi leaders. In ‘Iraq there had been a long history of Salafi shaykhs and their activities and teachings. Many of the ijazas issued (teaching credentials, essentially) were from the Salafi ‘Ulema`.
However the Wahhabis had made some headway in ‘Iraq at this time, so much so that the Mamluk rulers of ‘Iraq desired that the ‘Iraqi ‘ulama` begin refutations of the Wahhabi doctrines. This culminated with the publishing of some of the correspondences in Cairo under the title al-Tawdih ‘an tawhid al-khilaq fi jawab ahl al-‘Iraq.
The twentieth century saw the deeply introspective Salafi movement of ‘Iraq come into more stark contrast with the Wahhabi movement. This was spearheaded by Shaykh Mahmud Shukri al-Alusi. Al-Alusi was a teacher at the Haidarkhana College, and held both anti-Wahhabi and anti-Sufi views. The British authorities in ‘Iraq accused al-Alusi of being a Wahhabi, and spreading Wahhabi doctrine. Al-Alusi became so incensed at this assertion that he stated that he would not even accept Wahhabis as students.
Al-Alusi wrote a book titled Kitab ghayat al-amani fi al-radd ‘ala al-Nabhani (The Book of the Extremities of Hopes in the Reply to al-Nabhani). In this work al-Alusi replies to (refutes) a treatise he had received from a Palestinian Sufi Shaykh named Yusuf al-Nabhani. Al-Alusi considered this book ‘a great slander’. Al-Alusi assaults Nabhani for belonging to a Sufi order in which takfir was practiced. He labeled these types of people ‘false Muslims’. Al-Alusi then states that this abhorrent practice (takfir) was often employed by the Wahhabis.
Muhammad Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab’s own brother Suleiman wrote a refutation of him. It was entitled al-Sawa’iq al-Uluhiyya (The Divine Lightning Bolts). In this work Suleiman Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab compares his brother’s ideas to those of the Khawarij (also Kharijites, an early sect of Islam which believed in declaring certain Muslims as disbelievers then shedding their blood). This is in addition to the fact that Muhammad Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab’s own father had repudiated him for his ideas.
Amongst his supporters are the late Ibn Baz and Ibn Uthaymeen of Saudi Arabia.
[edit] From Death to the Present
During his life, Muhammed Ibn Abd Al-Wahhab forged a pact with Najd chieftain Muhammad bin Saud, ensuring that regions conquered by the Saudi tribe would be ruled according to al-Wahhab's teachings on Islam. Bin Saud and his heirs would spend the next 140 years mounting various military campaigns to seize control of Arabia and its outlying regions. The most successful of these would establish the present-day Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, providing the Wahhabi movement with a state. Vast wealth from oil discovered in the following decades, coupled with Saudi - and thus Wahhabi - control of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, have since fueled Wahhabi missionary activity.
[edit] Commentary
Perceptions of al-Wahhab are varied. To many Muslims who reside in Saudi Arabia or whose Islamic education came from Saudi Arabian instructors (of which there are many abroad, especially in the United States, the United Arab Emirates, and other Islamic countries which have prominent Saudis), Abd-al-Wahhab is a leading luminary in the proud tradition of Islamic scholarship. A great number of lay Sunni Muslims regard him as a pious scholar whose interpretations of Qur'an and Hadith were nevertheless out of step with the mainstream of Islamic thought, and thus discredited. Many scholars regard him as a pious scholar who nothing but called people back to worship of Allah according to the Quran and the Sunnah.
[edit] Works
-Adab al-Mashy Ila as-Salaa (Manners of Walking to the Prayer)
-Usul al-Iman (Foundations of Faith)
-Fada`il al-Islam (Excellent Virtues of Islam)
-Fada`il al-Qur’an (Excellent Virtues of the Qur’an)
-Kitab at-Tauhid (The Book of the Unity of God)
-Kitab Kashf as-Shubuhat (The Book of Clarification of Uncertainties)
-Majmu’a al-Hadith ‘Ala Abwab al-Fiqh {Compendium of the Hadith on the Main Topics of the Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence)}
-Mukhtasar al-Iman (Literally Abridgement of the Faith, means the summarized version of a work on Faith)
-Mukhtasar al-Insaf wa`l-Sharh al-Kabir (Abridgement of the Equity and the Great Explanation)
-Mukhtasar Seerat ar-Rasul (Summarized Biography of the Prophet)
-Mukhtasar al-Sawa`iq (Literally Summary of the Lightning bolt, it is a summary of a criticism of Shi’as written in Palestine by Ibn Hajar al-‘Asqalani).
-Mukhtasar Fath al-Bari (Fath al-Bari is a commentary on the Sahih al-Bukhari by Ibn Hajar al-‘Asqalani).
-Mukhtasar al-Minhaj (Summary of the Path, most likely referring to Minhaj al-Sunna by Ibn Taymiyya)